This chapter began with a look at the TCP/IP protocol suite. This included a look at the protocols that make up TCP/IP and the way in which they relate to the ISO OSI model.
A look at Network layer protocols provided an overview of IP packets and addressing, the way in which ARP is used to […]

The IPX/SPX protocol suite isn’t nearly as orderly as others when it comes to mapping upper layer protocols to the OSI model. Many of the protocols found above the network layer span multiple OSI layers between Transport and Application. The mapping of the suite to the OSI model at the beginning of this section helps […]

Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) is the reliable transport protocol used by IPX when connection-oriented communication is required. Much like TCP, SPX uses sequence numbers and acknowledgments to be sure that data is reliably passed between hosts. Beginning with NetWare 4.0, a new (and backwards-compatible) version of SPX called SPX II was released, providing a sliding […]

IPX is the routable Network layer protocol of the Novell IPX/SPX protocol suite. Similar to IP, IPX is also connectionless, meaning that it leaves reliability to upper-layer protocols such as SPX. IPX addresses are used to uniquely identify hosts on an IPX network. While an IP address is comprised of 32 bits and is usually […]

NetWare protocols can run over a variety of different network technologies, similar to TCP/IP. For the purpose of keeping things simple, in this section we’ll concentrate on Ethernet. However, IPX can also be run over Token Ring, FDDI, ATM and a variety of WAN technologies. If you recall, Novell originally defined the 802.3 frame type […]

Similar to TCP/IP, the Netware or IPX/SPX protocol suite is actually made up of a number of protocols that serve different purposes in the network communication process. While the IPX/SPX suite has become less popular based on the widespread adoption of TCP/IP, it is still in use in many (especially larger) network environments.
The IPX/SPX suite […]

The Application/Process Layer is where TCP/IP applications and services reside. You’re more than likely familiar with many of these, since you probably interact with many TCP/IP applications on a daily basis – a web browser using HTTP, or your email client connecting to a POP3 server are but two simple examples.
The list below outlines some […]

In comparison to TCP, UDP is a very simple protocol. Recall that UDP is connectionless, and as such doesn’t have any reliability mechanisms built in. Because of this, UDP relies on upper layer applications and services for reliability – UDP itself does nothing to attempt to make the communication process reliable. You should also remember […]

TCP is the connection-oriented transport protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP attempts to make connections reliable through the use of positive acknowledgement with retransmission – a system where acknowledgements are required for all data sent. If the sending host does not receive these acknowledgements, retransmission eventually occurs. Sequence numbers are assigned to segments to […]

If you recall from Chapter 1, we’ve already spent some time looking at connection-oriented and connectionless protocols. At the Host-to-host layer of the TCP/IP model, two primary protocols exist – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
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